Strategies and Definitions of 3D Animation

Strategies and Definitions of 3D Animation 2.1 Definition of Animation 2.1.1 A Technical Definition of Animation Various definitions of animation exist that cover technical, physiological, through to philosophical aspects. In a technical sense, Myers (1999, [Online]) describes animation, the form that we have become familiar with, as a series of drawings that are linked together and photographed. The drawings have been slightly changed between individualized frames so when they are played back in rapid succession there appears to be seamless movement within the drawings'(Myers 1999, [Online]). Jonsson (1978, p. 2) also describes animation in a technical sense: A strip of movie film consists of still pictures called frames each one slightly different from the one preceding it. When the film is projected and run continuously these still pictures give an illusion of movement (Jonsson 1978, p. 2). Morrison (1994, p. 5) simply defines, animation as the illusion of movement: This illusion of movement can be achieved by quickly displaying a series of images that show slight incremental changes in one of the depicted objects. If you play back these images fast enough, the eye will perceive movement (Morrison 1994, p. 5). It is safe for one to conclude that animation and motion picture in general, when viewed by a human is an illusion, the rapid succession of ordered singular frames tricking the viewers eye into perceiving there is an apparent seamless movement. This technical definition of animation is closely linked to the history and evolution of motion picture, also to human physiology and how the eye and the brain perceive movement. 2.1.2 The Beginnings of the Motion Picture Animation cannot be achieved without first understanding a fundamental principle of the human eye: the persistence of vision'(James 2002, [Online]). Animation literature shows that the appreciation of this principle is not only linked with the history of animation and motion picture but much earlier, beginning long ago in our past. Since the beginnings of time, human beings have tried to capture a sense of motion in their art'(James 2002, [Online]). Williams (2001) points out several examples; a 35,000 year old pre-historic cave painting of a boar in Northern Spain displaying four pairs of legs to show motion'(Williams 2001, p. 11). Egyptian temple paintings of figures that progressively changed position'(Williams 2001, p. 12). Ancient Greek decorated pots with figures in successive stages of action. Spinning the pot would create a sense of motion'(Williams 2001, p. 12). Other examples are cave and wall paintings, medieval tapestries, scrolls, and paintings which all tell continuous storiesand some of which attempt to illustrate repetitive motions'(James 2002, [Online]). Theories that were born in the ancient world by classical scholars were to prove very important in the genesis of animation, as The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) points out. It identifies historical figures such as the Greek Aristotle (384-322 BC), who observed light and motion after effects, dating back to 340 BC (The Private Lessons Channel 2002, [Online]). The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) then points out that later, in 130 AD, Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy (100-178 AD) discovered the aforementioned persistence of vision. In elaborating a point made by Thomas (1964, p. 8), one can see how these ancient scholars came to such discoveries; Imagine a torch lighted with fire, being whisked around in a circular motion in the darkness, the eye seeing a continuous unbroken circle of light. This type of phenomenon must have been known to the ancients'(Thomas 1964, p. 8). 2.1.3 A Physiological Definition of Animation The Persistence of Vision While there is evidence of a fascination with the visual documentation of movement and narrative in prehistoric and classical periods, it was not until these notions were later revisited by 19th century inventors, that modern animation principles emerged. One of these inventors was the Frenchman Peter Mark Roget, also the author of the famous Rogets Thesaurus, who in the 1820s rediscovered the vital principle, the persistence of vision'(Williams 2001, p. 13). Williams (2001, p. 13) explains the persistence of vision on the following way: This principle rests on the fact that that our eyes temporarily retain the image of anything theyve just seen. If this wasnt so, we would never get the illusion of an unbroken connection in a series of images, and neither movies nor animation would be possible. Many people dont realise the movies dont actually move, and that they are still images that appear to move when they are projected in a series (Williams 2001, p. 13). Jonsson (1978, p. 2) gives a more physiologically oriented explanation: What makes this possible is a quality of our brain called persistence of vision that is; although the frame we are viewing at any given moment is in fact still, the image burns itself onto our retina, so that it remains with us for a small fraction of time while we view the next one and if the difference seems to be a reasonable follow-on, an illusion is created (Jonsson 1978, p. 2). Concluding that technical and physiological aspects work hand-in-hand in motion picture, Jonsson (1978, p. 2) explains that for the eye to record an apparent continuous seamless movement, a certain frequency of frames per second needs to be displayed. Morrison (1994, p. 5) states that human visual acuity is low enough that only 12-15 different pictures (or frames) need to be displayed per second to produce the illusion of movement. The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) states that the number of frames per second, or fps, directly correlates to how smooth the movement appears. If the frame rate is too slow, the motion will look awkward and jerky. If the frame rate is too high the motion will blur'(The Private Lessons Channel 2002, [Online]). For the eye to record a normal, continuous movement that is not too fast, and not too slow there needs to be a frequency of around 24 to 30 fps displayed by a projector. Jonsson (1978, p. 2), states that this is the sole principle by which both live-action and animated films work. 24 fps is used in cinema, 25 fps is used for PAL television (Europe and Australia), and 30 fps is used for NTSC television (America and Japan). In relation to the illusion of movement and persistence of vision, both Wells (1998 p. 10) and Furniss (1998 p. 5) portrays the view of well-known Scottish-born animation identity Norman McClaren: Animation is not the art of drawings that move, but rather the art of movements that are drawn. What happens between each frame is more important than what happens on each frame; Animation is therefore the art of manipulating the invisible interstices that lie between the frames (McClaren qtd. in Furniss 1998 p. 5). James (2002, [Online]) states that Roget demonstrated the persistence of vision principle in his invention, the thaumatrope. James (2002, [Online]) and Williams (2001, p. 13), describe it as a disc held between two pieces of string, which was attached to both of the disc edges. Each flat side of the disc had different images; one a bird, the other an empty birdcage. Twirling of the disc with the pulling of the string results in the bird appearing to be in the cage. This proved that the eye retains images when it is exposed to a series of pictures, one at a time'(James 2002, [Online]). The Private Lessons Channel (2002, [Online]) notes that two other inventors are credited with this invention, the Frenchman Dr. John Ayrton, and Englishman Dr. Fitton, depending on the source. 2.1.4 The Early Evolution of the Motion Picture Crucial to the evolution of Animation and indeed Motion Picture were other related inventions. James (2002, [Online]) describes other optical devices of a similar nature to the thaumatrope, such as the phenakistoscopeinvented in 1826 by Joseph Plateau, and the zoetropeinvented in 1860 by Pierre Desvignes. Williams (2001, p. 14) mentions another similar invention, the praxinoscope, invented by the Frenchman Emile Reynaud in 1877. Clark (1979, p. 8) states that these contraptions relied for their effect on either an endless paper band or a cardboard disc bearing series of pictures drawn in progressive stages of an action. Viewed intermittently through slots or reflected in mirrors the drawings came to life and appeared to move'(Clark 1979, p. 8). Another invention included the flipbook, or kineograph pad, first appearing in 1868. Another important invention relevant to Motion Picture was photography. The first photographs were taken in the late 1820s by a Frenchman, Nicà ©phore Nià ©pce'(Thomas 1964, p. 6). In the 1870s Sir Charles Wheatstones moving picture stereoviewerwas created to view a series of actual photographs in ordered succession (Thomas 1964, p. 16). Thomas (1964, p. 18) points out that the first to capture and record a sequence of images, was the English/American Eadweard J. Muybridge, where he famously captured a horse and carriage trotting. He then played the captured images back in a viewing device, known as the zoopraxiscope. Another important revolution in the evolution of the Motion Picture was that of nitrate celluloid film invented by H.W. Goodwin in 1887. Nitrate celluloid film was a chemical combination of gun cotton and gum camphor'(McLaughlin 2001, [Online]). Thomas (1964, p. 29) acknowledges the birth of Cinema to the famous American inventor Thomas A. Edison, and the Scot William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. In 1892 Edison and Dickson succeeded in building a camera capable of taking moving pictures at a rate of forty-six per second on Eastman celluloid film'(Thomas 1964, p. 29). Edisons and Dicksons viewing device, influenced by Austrian Ottomar Anschà ¼tz, was named the kinetoscope. Thomas (1964, p. 29) describes it as a viewing cabinet by means of which only one person could view a film at a time. As the images were not projected, the viewer had to use a small eyepiece to look into the cabinet in order to see the moving images. Instigated and influenced by the work Edison and Dickson, other inventors set about evolving the kinetoscoperesulting in viewing devices with the ability to project images. The most well-known of these inventors were the Lumià ¨re brothers, who in 1895 designed a camera and projector which they call the cinà ©matographe'(Thomas 1964, p. 30). The Lumià ¨re brothers became the first to give a public exhibition of moving pictures'(Thomas 1964, p. 30), which they held on the 28th of December 1895, at the Grand Cafà © in Paris. It is interesting to note that Estonian animator Priit Pà ¤rn in his surrealist-inspired short film 1895, pays tribute to the Lumià ¨re brothers, and invention of the cinà ©matographe. Thomas (1964, p. 31), concludes that the interest shown by the public in these first cinema shows gave rise to a rapid growth in a new industry. In time, with the advent and advancement of various technologies and techniques, the first true animated films were born. 2.1.5 A Philosophical Definition and Discussion of Animation Animation is the art of bringing something to life. How its brought to life can be done any number of different ways, simply states Ludwin (1998, [Online]). Bringing something to life is indeed a very important theme in animation. To better understand the definition of animation, it is useful to find out the original term from which the word animation derives. Wells (1998, p. 10) notes that animation derives from the latin word animare, which means to give life to, and that the animated film largely means the artificial creation of the illusion of movement in inanimate lines and forms. The famous Zagreb School of Croatia relates the definition of to animate back to this original meaning. They suggest, that to animate is to give life and soul to a design, not through the copying but through the transformation of reality(Wells 1998, p. 10). When youre animating and moving an object, youre instilling life in something'(Lubin 2003). This leads us onto animators philosophies, ideologies and animation aesthetics. There are many differences in philosophy among animators and opinion of what the essence of animation actually is. One interesting example illustrating the philosophical differences of opinion is with respect to the extent of which animation should reflect real-life. For instance, the copying of real-life movements using motion capture techniques, are not favoured by all animators. Stefan Marjoram of the Aardman studio notes that motion capture is alright in sports games, but it doesnt necessarily make you a good animator. Animations not about copying real life, after all a lot of people use motion capture for that. For me animation is about exaggerating real life'(Ricketts 2002, p. 51). Lubin (2003) agrees: Thats absolutely right. I mean if youre doing a game and you want to get Tiger Woodsswing, fine. But Motion Capture which is only about animating humanoid animation, why bother? Just get real actors (Lubin 2003). When asked the question on what the public perception of Animation is, Tom Lubin in an interview on 1 April 2003 stated that it depends on who you askand it depends on the show. Some animation would be dismissed as stuff for something to baby-sitlittle kids with, whilst other animation has a broader market encompassing all age groups. I think the public has a very broad view of it depending on their interests'(Lubin 2003). Lubin (2003) also pointed out that animation has been successful for a really long time, and he stated that it was telling that the Academy Awards now, in the last few years, actually gives an Oscar for the best feature in animation. This has to do with the publics perception of animation as a viable stand alone'(Lubin 2003). Animation at its most creative, is a truly beautiful artform'(White 1988, p. 9). The term art and its related words feature heavily in many animation definitions and philosophies originating from the birth of modern animation. Winsor McCay the first American animator of the early 1900s, who many have dubbed the father of the animated cartoon, once stated: Animation should be an artwhat you fellows have done with it is making it into a tradenot an art, but a tradebad luck (Crandol 1999, [Online]). Crandol (1999, [Online]) points out that McCays warning and prediction inevitably became true. Indeed a studio production system with a streamlined, assembly-line processwas formed out of the necessity to satisfy time, expense and demand factors (Crandol 1999, [Online]). Wells (1998) also mentions several times that the domination and the proliferation of mass-produced cel animation'(p. 35), such as that produced in America and Japan, has led to animation being understood in a limited wayby society (p. 24). Wells (1998, p. 35) elaborates stating that: The amount of cheaply produced, highly industrialised cel animation made in the USA and Japan had colonised television schedules, and perhaps, more importantly, the imaginations of viewers (Wells 1998, p. 35). Crandol (1999, [Online]) also points out that the collective nature of the studio may prevent the artists from receiving the amount of praise an artist working solo garners. Wells (1998, p. 7) makes the point that this type of animation has somewhat diminished animation in the eyes of society as a legitimate artform: Animation has been trivialised and ignored despite its radical tendencies and self-evident artistic achievements at the technical and aesthetic level. Ironically, the dominance of the cartoon(i.e. traditional celanimation in the style of Disney or Warner Brothers, which is predicated on painting forms and figures directly onto sheets of celluloid which are then photographed) has unfortunately misrepresented and the animated film because it art seems invisible or, more precisely, is taken for granted by its viewers. The cartoon seems part of an easily dismissed popular culture; animation, as a term, at least carries with it an aspiration for recognition as an art and, indeed the popular evaluation of other animated forms (Wells 1998, p. 7). Although there appears to be a domination of the of American and Japanese style of animation and its entertainment premise as suggested, affecting the common perception of animation, large difference in styles and approaches have occurred and do exist. In an interview with an animation Domain Expert on 1 May 2003, he made the point that European animation, due to the many various nations and peoples, have contributed a large number of diverse artistic visual styles, contrasting to the American or Japanese styles. He also stated that many animated works are not always of the purely entertainment premise. One example he stated was in the communist period of Eastern Europe where animation was state controlled, focusing on allegorical social comment, the animators slipping in their own secret messages in the films past the censors. Even with the domination of industrialised mass-produced animation, and the influences it has on the audience, Crandol (1999, [Online]) remarks that there have been many animators careful not to let business logistics overwhelm the artistic potential of the medium. Crandol (1999, [Online]) concludes that as long as are creative people working, animation will continue to be the best of both worlds: a trade and an art. Tom Lubin, Head of Training at FTI (Film Television Institute), in an interview on 1 April 2003, in response to the question of animation being an art responded I think it is. Well you need art skills to do it. But actually that not as important to me as storytelling. What animation is, is storytelling. Storytelling and its importance to Animation will be specifically discussed and investigated in Chapter 3: The Principles of Storytelling. To give life towas a major inspirational theme in the animation process I went through, so to was the art of animation, as I have personally and purposefully embraced it when conducting the creative animation process. This will be touched upon in part 2 of the dissertation; The Self-Reflective Case Study. 2.2 The Animation Process The Angus Robertson Dictionary and Thesaurus (1992, p. 788) defines the word process as a series of actions which produce a change or development, and a method of doing or producing something. From these meanings the animation process can be described as what I am researching and undertaking in my Honours project; the pattern of methods an animator undertakes from start to finish in the creation of an animated work, or animation. Animation and the animation process, like many other disciplines, have undergone a paradigm shift due to technological advancements. Indeed technology has been the catalyst for many paradigm shifts as Utz (1993, p. 16) points out. Due to the ever-increasing accessibility and affordability of various technologies, an animators methods, actions and options have changed when implementing the animation process. See Appendix 2: Paradigm Shift in the Animation Process, for a more detailed discussion of this subject. Referring to these changes in the animation process, animator George Griffin believes the role of the animator in an artistic sense has changed very little: Despite the enormous upheavals in technology, the independent animators artistic role remains essentially the same: to draw time, to construct a model of ideas and emotions, using any means available (Griffin qtd. in Laybourne 1998, p. xi). 2.3 Types of Animation For a description of the various types of animation such as traditional 2D animation, stop-motion animation and computer generated 3D animation, please refer to Appendix 2: Paradigm Shift in the Animation Process. 2.4 Conclusion Through investigating the various definitions of animation it can be seen that they cover and include many different aspects. The technical definition of animation is closely linked to the history and evolution of motion picture, and this is turn is linked to the understanding of human physiology and how the eye and the brain perceive movement. The different philosophical definitions and viewpoints animators hold also cover many different aspects, varying immensely. This chapter directly relates to the practical component of the Honours project, as described in part 2 of the dissertation; The Self-Reflective Case Study. This is due to the fact that when creating the 3D animated pilot and series concept, I related to and strongly agreed with various animation philosophies that were discussed in this chapter e.g. to give life to, as mentioned beforehand. On some occasions these philosophies affected and influenced the way that I would conduct my own practical animation process. A brief investigation on societys perception of animation subject matter was also relevant for the target audience of the series concept.

Effects of Smoking

Effects of Smoking According to the Clinical Respiratory Journal an average of five million people will die globally every year from effects of tobacco smoke. The number of people that dies is shocking. Smoking has many terrible effects on the human body from effecting the lungs, heart, and even causes cancer if you did not know that already. Why do people smoke? Some people might ask. Well there is nicotine in tobacco which causes your muscles to relax and thus causing that relaxing non stressful feeling that people who smoke feels while â€Å"enjoying† a cigarette.The feeling can be eally strong for a first time smoker causing a â€Å"buzz†, since their body has not built up a tolerance to the nicotine. When people do start to build up their tolerance level, the feeling of the pleasurable â€Å"buzz† or relaxation lessens to where you must smoke more than one cigarette to feel relaxed or even a slight â€Å"buzz†. But there is a drawback nicotine is a hi ghly addictive substance. So addictive in fact that according to heart. org compares it to hardcore drug addictions like cocaine and heroin.So once people start they are caught in a trap. Heart. org states that approximately sixty-eight ercent of smokers want to quit, but are unable to stop because of the high amounts of nicotine in his/her body. But what happens to those who cannot quit? Well let me start with the place smoke gets inhaled to: The Lungs. The harmful smoke from the cigarette causes immediate life threatening damage to the lungs the second the smoke enters. According to Lung. org cigarette smoke has over 4,800 chemicals with sixty-nine known chemicals to cause cancer.Even with Just one inhale all of those chemicals will enter the lungs. Cigarette smoke has been also connected to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) such as chronic ronchitis and emphysema. On top of COPD, cigarettes also cause the lungs to shrink and turn black, thus causing inability to breath e deeply and less oxygen in the blood stream. That is way when smokers exercise they feel very light headed and out of breath, because there is not an ample supply of oxygen in the blood stream.How bad would that be to past out from lack of oxygen while playing with your grandkids? I would feel terrible to lead that kind of example of its 0k to smoke and cause that kind of harm to the lungs to where a person can't even spend quality family time with them. I have wondered why the lungs Just don't clean all of those nasty chemicals out, or why do smokers cough. I have found out that these two things are related. Everybody has these little hairs in their longs called cilia that help clean out mucus and harmful substances in the lungs.The smoke from a cigarette paralyzes these hairs causing mucus to build up in the lungs which gives people terrible coughs by trying to hack the mucus out of the lungs. Which if the person coughs for long enough and hard enough, the cough will cause major irritation in the throat making the person cough up blood. Now back to the chemicals, the cilia cannot clean the chemicals out of the lungs because it is the chemicals that immobilize them and will eventually all will die out and stop working if the smoker smokes long enough.Which if that happens the persons lungs will be almost beyond repair with all of the mucus build up, the chemicals causing harm, and the lungs not being able to clean out the natural substances that could already cause harm to the lungs. All in all t i is one highly deadly trio. The lungs are one of the part of the body that most people think get harmed when a person smoke, but people do not think about the heart. Almost twenty percent of people that pass away due to cardiovascular disease are directly related to smoking.That is saying that if a hundred people died from heart disease twenty of them died because of smoking, and not of high cholesterol or some other reason. That number is scary because of the fact of instead of harming one major organ the body the person is harming two. Smoking causes the heart to increase its rate of speed causing the resting heart beat to be considerably higher than the average nonsmoker. With each cigarette a person smokes the chances of artery disease goes up. Which means that also the chances of heart failure and having a heart attack goes up substantially.In some cases the threat of heart failure has a greater chance of happening than lung failure. Taking all of these factors into consideration people still smoke because it is their body and they are only harming themselves well may I say that statement is false. Secondhand smoke kills a number around 70,000 of nonsmokers a year. That's 70,000 people that care about their body day because of somebody else's stupidity and no awareness of how their choices impact others. Some smokers say that econdhand smoke is harmless, but that is a complete lie.Secondhand smoke can cause the same exact health concerns from the lungs, to the heart, and can even cause cancer. Yes, smokers are not the only ones who get cancer; it is also the people who they are around. Kids are extremely vulnerable to secondhand smoke from smokers. The kid's immunity system has not fully developed yet to even attempt to fight off the diseases from the smoke. Kids are already experiencing heart failure due to their parents' cigarettes. I have personally known a sweet kid who had trouble with his heart because his parents smoked.It is truly heart wrenching to watch it happen. If you are reading this please remind people to all of the health risks that smoking can impose. Such as cancer, lung disease, cardiovascular disease and along with telling them that smoking not only harms them but also their loved ones. Citations Carter, Charleata A. , Manoj Misra, and Robert R. Maronpot. â€Å"Tracheal Morphologic And Protein Alterations Following Short-Term Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Exposure To Rats. † Journal Of Toxi cologic Pathology 25. 3 (2012): 201-207. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. ello, Francescopaolo D', et al.Question –  ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA, COCAINE, AND A WIDE VARIETY OF OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS THAT ALTER PERCEPTIONS AND MOODS ARE CALLED?Answer at  https://donemyessay.com/unit-5-review/

Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics - 1506 Words

Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland. Nancy Scheper-Hughes 28 November 2011 Anthropology 1103- 001 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy 1979 Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: University of California Press â€Å"It is generally accepted that schizophrenia is a condition in which the person alters his representation of reality in order to escape or withdraw from seemingly unresolvable conflicts and from social interactions that are painful.†(Nancy quotes Hill, Lewis B 1955) as important defining quote of what is incorporated in characteristics of schizophrenia. In the mid 1970’s, in rural Ireland, cases of mental illness and schizophrenia was abnormally high; Nancy Scheper in her ethnography uncovers possible†¦show more content†¦The attitude towards sex was implemented as shameful, dirty, and guilt covered. Older men, 30’s- late 40’s, were the most common relevance of schizophrenia, which Nancy implies has part to do with sexual repression of these men. Hopelessness was often common, and sexual appendages were seen as a burden, Nancy used a personal portrait of one of the patients of the hospital to show this. (pg.331) It seems Ballybran was  " caught in between old and new social systems and moral economics† (pg. 49). The Family structure was also a large part of development unusual social habits; children were neglected of personal interaction with mother necessary for early neurological development, but at the same time overly protected by isolation at a young age. Children were made tough by being beaten at home, school, and church and began to associate human touch with negative attributes instead of comfort. They were beaten into what was considered to be â€Å"a good Irish child†, expected to be quiet, out of sight, and not to ask for things such as sweets or attention. Depending on gender and position of being born, whether it to be first born child or the runt of the family, led to differences of their responsibilities into adulthood. The last born sons began to be expected to stay home and inherit the farm, Become the â€Å"scapegoat† of the family through their illness, forcingShow MoreRe latedEssay on Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics 2166 Words   |  9 PagesSaints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics is the ethnographic study of a small town of An Clochan on the Dingle Peninsula in Ireland. Nancy Scheper-Hughes lived in this small village in order to gain perspective to why there was such a large number of schizophrenic cases within Ireland, and also why such a large percent were unmarried males. She wanted to dissect the issue of why these individuals were so prone to schizophrenia and what cultural factors cause these high rates. 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The Middle Eastern countries areRead MoreNancy Scheper-Hughes and the Question of Ethical Fieldwork Essay1967 Words   |  8 Pagestraveled to a village in rural Ireland which she later nicknamed â€Å"Ballybran† (Scheper-Hughes 2000-128)). Her findings there led her to publish Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland in 1979, in which she attempted to explain the social causes of Ireland’s surprisingly high rates of schizophrenia (Scheper-Hughes 2000:128). Saints was met with a backlash of criticism from both the anthropological community and the villagers who had served as her informants. The criticismRead More Columb us and the New World Discovery Essay4487 Words   |  18 Pagesof devastation and crime. George Santayana soon wrote of Columbus, in one of his Odes, He gave the world another world, and ruin Brought upon blameless, river-lov- ing nations, Cursed Spain with barren gold, and made the Andes Fiefs of Saint Peter. Today revisionism is in full flood. Much of it is useful and necessary. The one duty we owe to history, as Oscar Wilde said, is to rewrite it. The very phrase discovery of America is under a ban. It is pointed out, not unreasonably

My My Social Network - 1330 Words

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They bonded over the commonality of being parents of teenagers; however, my father and I never talked to any of Jung Woo’s family members. There were two other couples occupying the remaining units on the same floor, but none of my relatives interacted with them. Though my family didn’t interact with the couples at that time, it was obvious that the couples were friends. In terms of enemyship, my mother and my oldest aunt became enemies after an incident. I would not consider them close even before the incident, butShow MoreRelatedAlenoush Karimian. Soc 2: Winter 2017. .1707 Words   |  7 PagesInfluence of Three Weak Ties Social networks can be reconstructed with the introduction or reduction of nodes that make up social ties. The nodes represent the individuals in that network and the ties are the connection between the nodes that vary depending on the individual s social network (Christakis and Fowler: 2011). 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For example, I live in America and the other half of my family lives in Vietnam, and social networkingRead MoreKey Success Secrets On How Social Networks Effectively By Wendy Lugo Santiago Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages3 Success Secrets on How to Manage Social Networks Effectively By Wendy Lugo Santiago | Submitted On September 12, 2010 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Wendy Lugo Santiago The discussionRead MoreReflection of my Self Socialization808 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough the internet because the internet is the â€Å"†¦ fastest growing mass medium†(Brym and Lie 2012:65). I have used social networks since I was 10 years. Social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Hi5 and many others. The social network that has been able to influence me is Twitter. With Twitter, I obtain knowledge about the things around me, build my confidence, and improve my fashion awareness. In this essay, I would discuss how these ways help me socialize, and explain socialization throughRead MoreEssay Outlne on Cyber Bulying on Social Networks855 Words   |  4 PagesOUTLINE ON CYBER BULLYING ON SOCIAL NETWORKS Cyber Bullying through Social Networks ENGL107-1103B-23 2011 I. Thesis Statement: Social Networks are giving bullies an opportunity to attack individuals online by invading their privacy and creating psychological effects from attacks. These problems need to be addressed by controlling and preventing cyber bullying. II. Social Networks create an open access towards exposing individuals’ personal information Social networks allow individuals to post

The Nypd s Counter Terrorism Bureau - 941 Words

Since 9/11 the NYPD has made enormous strides in countering terrorism. They have created the Counter terrorism Bureau with over one thousand officers assigned to it. The bureau is responsible for a number of operation including, counterterrorism operations, training and exercise for NYPD personnel, along with risk assessment and critical infrastructure protection of key sites within New York City. The Deputy Commissioner of intelligence also has an expanded role. NYPD officers are now deployed worldwide as they no longer completely rely on the federal government for protection. The Intelligence Division also handles Nexus, a program that handles terror sensitive business. (Police practices John A. Eterno p 26) During 2009 an attempt, was made to deliver drugs to prisoners using a drone in a UK prison guarded by a 50 feet high electric fence. Also in 2011 Rezwan Derdaus, an Al Qaeda affiliate, planned to launch an attack on the pentagon, and capitol building using a remote-controlled drone laden with explosives but the plot was intercepted by the FBI. The New York City Police Department had been increasingly concerned about a potential terror attack form the air by a drone armed with deadly weapon.. The NYPD wants to develop technology which will allow them to take control of drones as well as scan the skies for them before major events. The spurt in concern about drones has come about because of increased drone incidents in New York City, by 40 percent in one year. The NYPDShow MoreRelatedPolice Administration And Protecting The Community2796 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract: a paper on police administration and protecting the community against acts of terrorism. Discussion on how police administration is used in protecting the community by keeping them safe against potential terrorist actions. 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Khan, 2011) This shows how America seen one of their flaws when dealing with 9/11 and changed it to be more effective in the future. In this assignment the author will be analysing just how good and effective the emergency services dealt with 9/11.Read MoreThe Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Website Statistics3528 Words   |  15 Pageswere sitting inside. The officers were not at the location on a call for service, however they all were preparing reports on their laptop computers prior to the start of their shift. When the suspect entered the store he walked up to the cashier’s counter and maneuvered for his attack on the unsuspecting officers. It was believed the suspect was able to effectively engage 3 officers as they sat, and possibly the fourth officer who stood up and was able to return gunfire. The suspect was able to flee

Management comprises Free Essays

Management comprises of direction and control of a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing that group towards accomplishing a goal. In business, management often encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resourced, technological resources and natural resources. Since the management department is the core of effective operations, strategies and proper procedure must run it. We will write a custom essay sample on Management comprises or any similar topic only for you Order Now If employers are genuine about participation, the prime area of attention needs to be the daily behavior of managers. This necessitates reviewing the performance, selection and training of managers. The worst thing to do is to promote people into managerial jobs while letting them think that they need not take their managerial responsibilities seriously (p. 10). Participation also needs to be examined in the context of organizational and national culture and the pressures on an organization at particular points in time. Too often the topic is addressed as though the objectives can be achieved simply through mechanistic imposition. To understand what makes of an effective manager, I have studied Rees and Porter’s Skills of Management and interviewed two managers. The first interviewee is Lisa McCormack, a 35 years old Services Manager in a Health Service provider in Ireland. She has a degree in Social Science and a post graduate diploma in management studies. She has also completed computer courses, health and safety courses, and time management and conflict resolution. She has been with her current employer for ten years. Lisa is a full-time Services Manager, whose main responsibilities are matched with that of a manager. Her main responsibilities in her current position include strategic planning for services, report preparation, budget allocation, staff management and working as part of a multi disciplinary team to enhance service provision for their client group. Lisa was employed in 1998 as a Project Coordinator, which included some management duties but a project Manager was responsible for the department. She worked as a project coordinator until 2002 when she was appointed Services Coordinator, which again included some management duties but supervised by a Service Manager. In 2005 she was promoted to become a Service Manager where she takes over full management duties. Management does not take place in a vacuum but in a particular set of circumstances – usually requiring specialist knowledge. It would be unusual for a manager in a specialist environment to have had years of specialist training but only days of management training (p.2). Management escalator is progression of responsibilities, from specialists to managerial, through time to help employees acquire managerial skills overtime while developing operational skills at the same time. This transition, as managerial responsibilities increase and specialist activities decrease, gives the employee a more impeccable expertise in the department. Specialists often acquire managerial responsibilities, and often quite early in their career. Those aspiring to management have found that their entry route is via a specialist department. Consequently, it is appropriate to see that managers have the right blend of specialist and managerial skills and that they are given help in adjusting to managerial roles. The implications of the specialist route into management need to be reflected in the structure of increasingly popular undergraduate programs in business studies. There is a case for such courses having both specialist options and a managerial component. Service management is integrated into Supply Chain Management as the joint between the actual sales and the customer. A service manager reduces high service costs by integrating the service and products supply chain. She also reduces inventory levels of service parts and therefore reduces total inventory costs. She optimizes customer service and service quality. She helps in the increase of service revenue by reducing obsolescence costs of service parts through improved forecasting. A service manager may also minimize technician visits as with her knowledge and expertise, she can fix related problems. There is no way she can miss these skills through her years of specialist activities. She believes that her education has served her very well in gaining promotions but she would consider her informal education within the organization as very relevant to her current managerial position as Increases in the quantity of management training are one thing, ensuring that training is effective is another, (p. 17). Professional experience in the organization teaches helpful application than theories. The second interviewee is a 52 year old Manager of a global clothing production company. He claims that he’s a full time Manager of the Sales Department but states that 50% of his time is spent on managerial responsibilities while 25% of it is spent on changes, which their clients might require in the future and the remaining 25% spent on trying to get new clients. According to Rees and Porter, management operates through various functions, such as: (a) the planning and deciding what needs to happen in the future. It also includes generating plans for action; (b) organizing, which is the making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans; (c) leading and motivating, which is the exhibiting of skills in specialty areas for getting others to play an effective part in achieving plans; and (d) controlling, monitoring, and checking of progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback. From this it can be inferred that though he’s a full-time manager performing specialist responsibilities, he in fact comprises the key skills of an effective manager. He has worked five years as a specialist sales person before becoming a supervisor and four years later became a manager. Managerial responsibility usually flows from specialist expertise; if a person has to run a specialist unit they are unlikely to be able to do this unless they understand what their subordinates are doing and can give appropriate guidance about working methods and end results (p. 6). Another problem that can arise people with background in a particular management specialty. Like other specialists, they may pay too much attention to their area of historic specialization. They may give too much priority in terms of time and decision making to issues in their specialized area (p.11). He has been a very effective sales specialist, which caused his department to expand. Promotion to supervisory or management positions of specialists may reduce or remove the opportunity to do the work for which they were trained and with which they identify (p. 12) but apparently this does not prove as in his case. He has taken a two-year post graduate course in Business Administration and attended many seminars. He says his formal management training, his BA course, is very effective and that he could not have done what he has accomplished now without it. Though role definition must be crystal clear to put a precise boundary between managers and specialists whose responsibilities are both overlapping, the two interviewees show that their managerial position does not take their operational responsibilities away. Organizations must be straightforward when it comes to job descriptions to avoid confusion. The selectors of managers must also be competent since incompetent ones would only appoint those skillful specialists into managerial positions they are not good in or unprepared for. Organizations who assign managerial responsibilities to specialists without formality may also encounter problems such as a demand for high paying specialist jobs, ineffective and reduced incentives for quality work from specialists who perform managerial responsibilities, and specialists encountering difficulty in integrating with colleagues. However, such problems are not demonstrated by both interviewees. Managers should also identify what disciplinary handling skills need to be developed in organizations. Much attention is often paid to serious issues such as dismissal but most disciplinary action is, or needs to be, at the base where action such as counseling and informal warnings may be what is required. Training provided is often heavily oriented around the law and more appropriate for managers than specialists. Focuses on the need to clarify responsibilities, the nature of the skills managers need, the way these skills can be developed and the preventive aspects of discipline. Crucial managerial skills should be identified and categorized into process skills. Source: Rees Porter, Skills of Management, Chapter 1 Thomson Learning, 2001 How to cite Management comprises, Essay examples

Business Overview of LMN Company

Questions: 1. In this task you are required to draft and design at least 5 company documents to be used in the workplace. Your documents will need to include complex features such as fill in fields, macros, merge criteria, formulae, slide masters, dropdown lists, auto text/quick parts. Each document should have a draft that outlines the name of the document, the purpose of the document, usage of the document as well as details to include in the document. The draft should also identify the software program to use when using the document. Each document should include the LMN company logo and where appropriate the company location and details. Remember to save all documents appropriately. 2.Using the documents created in task 1; develop a style guide for the users of the documents. Answers: 1. As a project manager of LMN company, following five documents are to be designed in terms of meeting the organizational requirement and standardized the process. These are as follows Letterhead Invoices Agendas Presentations Client Database A.Letterhead Type of the document: Letterhead Purpose of the document: Letterhead is designed in order to improve the personalized interaction with the prospect of business as well as customer. Lockwood (2009) explained that success of business mostly depends on the communication. Software Applications to be used: In order to design the letterhead for LMN Company, As a project manager used software application was quick parts in Microsoft Office Word file. Data Sources: For designing the letterhead for LMN Company, sketches the everything that relate to business such as logo of the company, name of the company, contract information B. Invoices Type of the document: Invoices Purpose of the document: the project manager in order to keep the record, legal issues making, tax purpose, keeping record of marketing information, sales forecasting, etc. makes Invoices. Software Applications to be used: In order to make the invoice for LMN Company, project manager used quick parts in Microsoft words. Data Sources: In order to make the invoices, project manager used marketing information of LMN Company, used company logo and include legal information of the company. C. Agendas Type of the document: Agendas Purpose of the document: Agendas is very much important part for improvement of business in corporate sector. For LMN Company, project manager prepared agendas in terms of future planning of business and preparation, controlling and increase productivity. Software Applications to be used: In order to make agendas within workplace of LMN Company for the meeting and other related thing to the business, project manager used quick parts in Microsoft word software applications. Data Sources: Design agendas based on work related information of LMN Company such as marketing information, target customer, service quality, standardization, etc. D. Presentations Type of the document: Presentation Purpose of the document: Presentation was made by the project manager in order to aware the people including high level management about the ongoing business process of LMN Company. In addition, through presentation, project manager provided quick overview of the business. Software Applications to be used: Microsoft power point presentation application software is used to make presentation of LMN Company by the project manager. Data Sources: Take information about ongoing project details such as investment, involve employee, benefits of the project, etc. Gather information about organizations sales from the back office department of LMN Company. E. Client Database Type of the document: Client Database Purpose of the document: Client database was made for keeping all customer details from starting date of business. However, in order to improve the business, need to track the potential customers. Therefore, client database was made to follow and identify potential customer easily. Software Applications to be used: Drop down list in Microsoft excels software application is used to make client database. Data Sources: In order to make client database, project manager gather information about customer from the marketing department and back office department of the company. 2. Style Guide for created documents In order to create these documents, at first locate the documents in the hard drive of computer. These documents contains in the hidden text. Therefore, user have to click on tools button of Microsoft word and then click on the options, view tab and hidden text for unhide the text. From the hard drive of the computer or database of LMN company, user can download the created documents. Each file saves with the destination name properly such as letterhead.doc, client_database.xls. etc. These documents are made with the standard text that contains 12 font size, times new roman font style, .5 margins foe left and right side and 1.0 margins for header and footer, 1.5 line spacing, header and footer along with page number in the right side bottom of the document file. In order to make the documents, need to maintain proper legislation such as do not leave any section blank, not to describe the issues of system design. In order to use the documents for several purpose such as read the documents, edit document files, etc require to install Microsoft Office software packages like word, excels, power point presentation, etc. In order to avoid word punctuation, need to save the documents in compatibility mode. Language style will be grammar style and spelling checking function will be on for the documents file. If any trouble faces by the user, they have to click on the question mark option that placed in the right side above corner or press F1 button in keyboard. References Baas, T. (2012). MuSIC by design.Science-Business eXchange, 5(44). Baldwin, C. (2012). Organization Design for Business Ecosystems.Journal of Organization Design, 1(1). Bell, R. (2006). Paradoxes of culture: how to make more accurate interpretations.Handbook of Business Strategy, 7(1), pp.363-368. Grazzini, F. (2013). How do managers make sense of strategy?.European Business Review, 25(6), pp.484-517. Lagerwerf, L. and Bossers, E. (2002). Assessing Business Proposals: Genre Conventions and Audience Response in Document Design.Journal of Business Communication, 39(4), pp.437-460. Lanzone, G. (2007). Teaching Business Design.Design Management Review, 18(3), pp.69-74. Lockwood, T. (2009). Design Integration: A Business Imperative.Design Management Review, 20(3), pp.5-5. Mathew, J. (2011). Business Design: An Indian Idiom.Design Management Review, 22(1), pp.80-85. Onesirosan-Martinez, C. (2007). Managing the Business of Design.Design Management Review, 18(3), pp.36-41.